comp.tf - User contributions [en]

Rando

2017-08-10T11:50:42Z

45.55.28.163:

{{TabsHeader
|name1=Overview |link1={{PAGENAME}}
|name2=Results |link2={{PAGENAME}}/Results
|This=1
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{{NewInfobox Player
|id=Mclane
|image=Rando at Rewind 2017.jpg|400px
|caption=Rando at [[Esports Arena Rewind 2017]]
|name=Sam Mclane
|romanized_name=Samisus Pxclanious
|birth_date=
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|country=United Kingdom
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|years_active=2011 - Present
|team=Tradenation
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|role2=Engineer
|format=9v9
|sponsor=Scrap.tf
|ids=
|nicknames=Mclane The Pain
|tftv=
|esea=338514
|etf2l=37061
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|steam=Twilightvomit
|twitch=rando
|stream=
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{{TH|2011 - 2012 |High Rollers Gaming}}
{{TH|2012 - 2012 |Sour Patch|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2012 - 2013 |Move us to intermediate|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2014 - 2014 |Exertus eSports}}
{{TH|2014 - 2015 |eLevate}}
{{TH|2015 - 2015 |Ascent}}
{{TH|2015 - 2016 |RONIN}}
{{TH|2016 - 2017 |EVL Gaming}}
{{TH|2017 - Present |Ascent}}
|retired=
|prize_money= {{PM|2013|$250.00}} {{PM|2014|$880.00}} {{PM|2015|$1,290.87}} {{PM|2016|$1,859.99}} {{PM|2017|$851.66}}
}}

Sorry I don't how to make my own wiki page so I will just use this one since no one likes this guy anyway.

Sam '''"Mclane"''' Mclane is an British ESEA-Invite soldier. His best period in ESEA was part of the so called "[[Ma3la]] teams" such as [[eLevate TF2]] (formerly known as [[lost in translation]] following [[Exertus eSports]]) where he achieved multiple 2nd place finishes for team (losing to giants [[froyotech]] each time). His peak of his career came when he was part of [[Ascent]] achieving 4th at [[i55]] and winning Season 20. rando is currently playing [[roamer]] for [[Ascent]] with long time teammates [[Bdonski]], [[yomps]], and [[Ma3la]].

In an interview from 2017 by [[eXtine|Jeff "eXtine" Extine]] from [[eXtv]] at [[Esports_Arena_Rewind_2017|Rewind LAN 2017]], Rando admitted that he, alongside other teammates, plan to retire soon, potentially after [[ESEA-I Season 24]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBCwXi4gxus</ref>

== Trivia ==
*Mclane is epic

==Latest Tournament Matches==
{{Player matches table}}

==Media==
===Interviews===
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2013-08-16 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE96pKzeICQ |title=AG rando interview at ESEA S14 LAN |by={{flag|us}} [[shade]] |of= |event=ESEA-I Season 14 |event-link= |language= |translation= }}
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2014-06-30 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBtAdmb07Gc |title=XTS rando interview at ESEA S16 LAN |by={{flag|us}} [[shade]] |of= |event=ESEA-I Season 16 |event-link= |language= |translation= }}
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2017-02-08 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBCwXi4gxus |title=Rando Interview - Rewind |by={{flag|us}} [[eXtine]] |of= |event=Esports Arena Rewind 2017 |event-link= |language= |translation= }}

===Fragvideos/TFTV Highlights===
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2016-02-05 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MISP5L8iU |title=rando vs. froyotech : ESEA S21 W2 |by={{flag|us}} [[truktruk]] |of= |event= |event-link= |language= |translation= }}
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2016-05-06 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZxK4XFDXCU |title=Ma3la & rando vs. -bird noises-: ESEA S21 W6 |by={{flag|us}} [[truktruk]] |of= |event= |event-link= |language= |translation= }}
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2016-05-25 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAoNz3L1zxA |title=Rando Legacy |by={{flag|dk}} [[Beater]] |of= |event= |event-link= |language= |translation= }}

===Demo Review/Analysis===
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2016-06-12 |link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irp1PbkWrf0 |title=RONIN Rando Invite Pocket Demo Review (TF2) |by={{flag|us}} [[MR_SLIN]] |of= |event= |event-link= |language= |translation= }}

===Gallery===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
RandoEsea14Lan.jpg|rando being interviewed by [[shade]] at [[ESEA-I Season 14|ESEA-I S14]] lan.
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
RandoEsea16Lan.jpg|rando competing with [[Exertus eSports]] at [[ESEA-I Season 16|ESEA-I S16]] lan.
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
RandoAtGXL2014.jpg|rando competing with [[eLevate]] at [[theGXL Invitational|GXL Lan 2014]].
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
rando.png|rando competing with [[Ascent]] at [[i55]].
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200px">
Rewind2017RandoEVL.jpg|rando competing with [[EVL Gaming]] at [[Esports_Arena_Rewind_2017|Rewind LAN 2017]].
</gallery>

Nursey

2017-08-10T11:24:03Z

45.55.28.163:

{{TabsHeader
|name1=Overview |link1={{PAGENAME}}
|name2=Results |link2={{PAGENAME}}/Results
|This=1
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{{NewInfobox Player
|id=Nursey
|image=Rewind_Nursey.jpeg
|caption=Nursey in [[froyotech]]'s team picture.
|name=Jenny Tempalski
|romanized_name=
|death_date=
|country=United States
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|years_active=2013 - ''Present''
|team=Ascent
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|nicknames=Trantasm
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|youtube=SuperJigglyStar
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|3rdplace={{LeagueIconSmall|esea|link=ESEA-O Season 18}}
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|team_history={{TH|2013 - 2013|Besaid Aurochs}}
{{TH|2014 - 2014|Absolutely massive}}
{{TH|2014 - 2014|Guado Glories}}
{{TH|2015 - 2016|Luca Goers}}
{{TH|2016 - 2016|-bird noises-}}
{{TH|2016 - 2016|Ronin}}
{{TH|2016 - 2016|-bird noises-}}
{{TH|2016 - 2017|froyotech}}
{{TH|2017 - 2017|EVL Gaming}}
{{TH|2017 - Present|Ascent}}
|retired=
|prize_money= {{PM|2015|$16.67}}
{{PM|2016|$1,055.00}}
{{PM|2017|$1,643.33}}
}}
Jenny '''"Nursey"''' Tempalski is an abomination of humanity. Playing [[ESEA-Invite]] since [[ESEA-I Season 20]] for [[Luca Goers]], she has made ESEA-I playoffs twice. Nursey has also competed in ETF2L Premiership with teams like [[The Last Resort]] and [[thanks nursey]]. She is also an accomplished Highlander Medic in both UGC and ETF2L.

==Early Career==
Nursey's first played ESEA-Open from Season 15-18 playing with various teams like [[Besaid Aurochs]], [[Absolutely massive]] and [[Guado Glories]]. Achieving a best finish of 3rd in Season 18.
==ESEA==
===Luca Goers / Getawhale Fanclub===
Although not Nursey's first team, it is the team she made her jump from ESEA-O to ESEA-IM with.
The team went (15-1-0) in [[ESEA Season 20]] in Intermediate to jump right into Invite. Nursey would stay with the team till [[ESEA Season 21]]. The core of the team would be merged into [[EVL Gaming]]. This reform included Nursey.
===-bird noises- & Ronin===
Nursey had a short-lived run with [[EVL Gaming]] during [[ESEA-I Season 21]] where they finished 4th. However, after the season ended the team would disband due to time and personality conflicts. Then Nursey would join team [[-bird noises-]], to replace long time medic [[indust]]<ref>[http://www.teamfortress.tv/33716/ Nursey joins -bird noises-]</ref> but after less then two weeks, when [[phorofor]] had to quit from [[Ronin]], Nursey instantly took the opportunity and played [[ESEA-I Season 22]] with them, forcing -bird noises- to search for a new Medic.<ref>[http://www.teamfortress.tv/33898/ Ronin cuts phorofor, poaches Nursey]</ref> Ronin ended up finishing 2nd despite winning the first bo3 against froyotech. After internal issues within the team Ronin disbanded after the season, forcing Nursey to find another team.
===-bird noises- return + Account Ban===
After Ronin disbanded, Nursey rejoined former team -bird noises-. After losing the first two games, Nursey decided to take a break from the game due to real life pressures. However in Week 4 she stood in for [[froyotech]] but was suddenly banned from ESEA for a month after Week 5 for account sharing with fellow Medic [[zilly]], ruling them both out for the rest of the season.

===froyotech===
When [[shade]] left froyotech for a second time Nursey was brought in as his replacement, playing her first games for the team at the [[FACEIT 6v6 Opening Tournament]] where froyo took 1st place from rival team [[EVL Gaming]]. Her next challenge was at the upcoming [[Esports Arena Rewind 2017]] LAN event which would be here first time against European and Australian competition at LAN. However froyotech were undefeated all the way to the Grand Final where they met European team [[se7en]]. froyotech won 3-2 in maps, cementing Nursey's place as one of the best Medics in the world and achieving her first ever International LAN win. She is currently with the team in Season 24 of Invite where froyo are currently undefeated.
==ETF2L==
===The Last Resort===
In Season 22 of ETF2L Premiership Nursey was named as Medic for European Organisation TLR (who were runners-up from Season 21), replacing [[Serotone]]. The team had a lacklustre season possibly affected by their loss of star-players [[ShaDowBurn]] and [[HYS]] and subsequently finished 6th overall. TLR disbanded after the Season.
===Planet Express===
For Season 23 Scottish Scout [[sheepy]] brought in Nursey to replace the outgoing [[Raptor]] who was cut due to internal conflicts with the team. Although impressing onlookers with her individual plays the same couldn't be said for the team, which finished the Season in 6th once again.
===Thanks Nursey===
Despite taking a break from European competition for a Season Nursey was determined to achieve something in ETF2L and formed a team with ex-teammate [[AMS]] to make [[thanks nursey]] for Season 25. The team had much better results in the regular season and strengthened the team midway by bringing in talent like [[Silentes]] and [[Alle]] (both from the disbanded [[Full Tilt]] squad). The team made it all the way to the Grand Finals where they met reigning European and World Champions [[Crowns eSports Club]]. Despite taking Gullywash 5-0 (a rarity for Crowns to lose by such a margin) Crowns ultimately proved the better team and won the bo3 series 2-1. Nursey had made history by achieving top-3 finishes in Invite and Premiership in different continents.
==Highlander==
Nursey has won major titles in both NA UGC and ETF2L Highlander leagues. She has a total of six top-3 UGC Platinum finishes all of which with prolific team [[Kids Next Door]] (including two first places). She also has two top-3 finishes in ETF2L with team [[PremTech]] (two 2nd places). Nursey is known for playing the majority of her HL career with American [[Heavy]] [[Kresnik]].
==Trivia==
*Nursey is the only American Medic in TF2 history to place in the top-3 for both ESEA-Invite and ETF2L Premiership 6v6.
*She is also the only American Medic in TF2 history to place in the top-3 for both UGC Platinum and ETF2L Premiership Highlander.
==Interviews==
* {{ExternalMediaLink |date=2017-03-19 |link=https://youtu.be/6kO2IamPGvU |title=Interview with Nursey, hosted by NYK |by={{Player link|uken|NYK}} |of= |event= |event-link= |language= |translation= }}
==Latest Tournament Matches==
{{Player matches table}}
== References ==
<references/>

Gravel Pit

2017-08-10T11:23:02Z

45.55.28.163:

{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = G-spot<br />Gräfenberg-spot<br />(Gräfenberg's locus)
| Latin =
| GraySubject =
| GrayPage =
| Image = Female anatomy with g-spot-nb.svg
| Caption = Drawing of the female internal sexual anatomy. The G-spot (6) is reportedly located {{convert|5|-|8|cm|abbr=on|0}} into the vagina, at the side of the urethra (9) and the urinary bladder (3).
| Width = 220
| Image2 =
| Caption2 =
| ImageMap =
| MapCaption =
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| Code =
| Dorlands =
| DorlandsID =
}}
{{good article}}
Silver Tosspot: wtf you fucked it

The G-spot, also called the '''Gräfenberg spot''' (for German gynecologist [[Ernst Gräfenberg]]), is characterized as an [[Erogenous zone|erogenous]] area of the [[vagina]] that, when stimulated, may lead to strong [[sexual arousal]], powerful [[orgasm]]s and potential [[female ejaculation]].<ref name="Rosenthal">See [https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT155 page 135] for prostate information, and [https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT96 page 76] for G-spot and vaginal nerve ending information. {{cite book |first=Martha |last= Rosenthal| title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2012|accessdate=January 25, 2014| isbn = 0618755713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> It is typically reported to be located {{convert|5|-|8|cm|abbr=on|0}} up the front (anterior) vaginal wall between the vaginal opening and the [[urethra]] and is a sensitive area that may be part of the [[#Female prostate|female prostate]].<ref name="TheNakedWoman">{{Cite book|author=Morris, Desmond |title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |location=New York|year=2004 |pages=211–212|isbn=0-312-33852-X}}</ref>

The existence of the G-spot has not been proven; nor has the source of female ejaculation.<ref name="Balon, Segraves">{{cite book|authors=Richard Balon, Robert Taylor Segraves|title=Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders |publisher= [[American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Publishing]]|year=2009|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=258|isbn=1585629057|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuP3Hb0TMLQC&pg=PA258}}</ref><ref name="Greenberg">{{cite book|authors=Jerrold S. Greenberg, Clint E. Bruess, Sara B. Oswalt|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|pages=102–104|isbn=1449648517|date=2014|accessdate=October 30, 2014|publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Publishers]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aTuANFroC&pg=PA102}}</ref> Although the G-spot has been studied since the 1940s,<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> disagreement persists over its existence as a distinct structure, definition and location.<ref name="Balon, Segraves"/><ref name="Hines">{{cite journal |author=Hines T |date=August 2001 |title=The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=359–62 | doi=10.1067/mob.2001.115995 |pmid=11518892}}</ref><ref name="Kilchevsky">{{cite journal |authors=Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I.|title=Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?|journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]|volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 719–26|date=January 2012|pmid=22240236|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x|layurl=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers -|laysource=''[[Huffington Post]]''|laydate=January 19, 2012}}</ref> A 2009 British study concluded that its existence is unproven and subjective, based on questionnaires and personal experience.<ref name="Acton">See [https://books.google.com/books?id=amNcvrLCGZEC&pg=PT98 page 98] for the 2009 King's College London's findings on the G-spot and [https://books.google.com/books?id=kP9bCflZpVkC&pg=PA145 page 145] for ultrasound/physiological material with regard to the G-spot. {{cite book|author=Ashton Acton|title=Issues in Sexuality and Sexual Behavior Research: 2011 Edition|publisher=[[ScholarlyEditions]]|year=2012|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=|isbn=1464966877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amNcvrLCGZEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> Other studies, using [[ultrasound]], have found physiological evidence of the G-spot in women who report having orgasms during [[Sexual intercourse|vaginal intercourse]].<ref name="Acton"/><ref name="Buss, Meston">{{cite book|authors=David M. Buss, Cindy M. Meston|title=Why Women Have Sex: Understanding Sexual Motivations from Adventure to Revenge (and Everything in Between)|publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year=2009|accessdate=January 24, 2014|pages=35–36|isbn=1429955228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slyflT85lXIC&pg=PA35}}</ref> It is also hypothesized that the G-spot is an extension of the [[clitoris]] and that this is the cause of orgasms experienced vaginally.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="O'Connell">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM |title=Anatomy of the clitoris |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=174 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1189–95 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16145367 |layurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5013866.stm Time for rethink on the clitoris: |laysource=[[BBC News]] |laydate=11 June 2006 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd}}</ref><ref name="Sex and Society">{{cite book|authors=[[Marshall Cavendish|Marshall Cavendish Corporation]]|title=Sex and Society, Volume 2|isbn =9780761479079|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish|Marshall Cavendish Corporation]]|year=2009|page=590|accessdate=August 17, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&pg=PA590&lpg=PA590}}</ref>

[[Sexology|Sexologists]] and other researchers are concerned that women may consider themselves to be dysfunctional if they do not experience G-spot stimulation, and emphasize that this is not abnormal.<ref name="Greenberg"/>

==Theorized structure==

===Location===
Two primary methods have been used to define and locate the G-spot as a sensitive area in the vagina: self-reported levels of arousal during stimulation, and stimulation of the G-spot leading to female ejaculation.<ref name="Hines"/> [[Ultrasound]] technology has also been used to identify [[physiological]] differences between women and changes to the G-spot region during sexual activity.<ref name="Acton"/><ref name="Buss, Meston"/>

The location of the G-spot is typically reported as being about 50 to 80 mm (2 to 3 in) inside the vagina, on the front wall.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/><ref name="Sloane">{{cite book|first= Ethel|last=Sloane | title = Biology of Women | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2002|page=34| accessdate = August 25, 2012| isbn = 9780766811423 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYyk7zlHYC&pg=PA34}}</ref> For some women, stimulating this area creates a more intense orgasm than clitoral stimulation.<ref name="Buss, Meston"/><ref name="Newsbeat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/health/newsid_7345000/7345799.stm |title=BBC - Newsbeat - Health - G Shot 'helps women in search of orgasm' |format= |work= BBC News|accessdate=2010-05-02 | date=2008-04-14 |first=Sima |last=Kotecha}}</ref> The G-spot area has been described as needing direct [[Sexual stimulation|stimulation]], such as two fingers pressed deeply into it.<ref name="Cooks, Barr">{{cite book|authors=Robert Crooks, Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality |publisher= [[Cengage Learning]]|year=2010|accessdate=January 24, 2014|pages=169–170|isbn=0495812943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&pg=PA169}}</ref> Attempting to stimulate the area through [[sexual penetration]], especially in the [[missionary position]], is difficult because of the particular angle of penetration required.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/>

===Vagina and clitoris===
Women usually need direct [[Clitoris|clitoral]] stimulation in order to orgasm,<ref name="Rosenthal 2">{{cite book |first=Martha |last= Rosenthal| title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2012|pages=134–135|accessdate=January 25, 2014| isbn = 0618755713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT154}}</ref><ref name="Kammerer-Doak">{{cite journal | first = Dorothy | last = Kammerer-Doak | first2 = Rebecca G. | last2 = Rogers | title = Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–183 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18486835 | doi = 10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889854508000235 | quote=Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...}}</ref> and G-spot stimulation may be best achieved by using both [[Fingering (sexual act)|manual stimulation]] and vaginal penetration.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> [[Sex toy]]s are available for G-spot stimulation. One common sex toy is the specially-designed [[G-spot vibrator]], which is a [[phallus]]-like [[Vibrator (sex toy)|vibrator]] that has a curved tip and attempts to make G-spot stimulation easy.<ref name="Taormino">{{cite book | author= [[Tristan Taormino]] | title = The Big Book of Sex Toys | publisher = Quiver|year = 2009|pages=100–101|accessdate = August 25, 2012| isbn = 9781592333554 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfly-iMkWRkC&pg=PA100}}</ref> G-spot vibrators are made from the same materials as regular vibrators, ranging from hard plastic, rubber, [[silicone]], [[Gel|jelly]], or any combination of them.<ref name="Taormino"/> The level of vaginal penetration when using a G-spot vibrator depends on the woman, because women's physiology is not always the same. The effects of G-spot stimulation when using the penis or a G-spot vibrator may be enhanced by additionally stimulating other [[erogenous zone]]s on a woman's body, such as the clitoris or [[vulva]] as a whole. When using a G-spot vibrator, this may be done by manually stimulating the clitoris, including by using the vibrator as a [[clitoral vibrator]], or, if the vibrator is designed for it, by applying it so that it stimulates the head of the clitoris, the rest of the vulva and the vagina simultaneously.<ref name="Taormino"/>

A 1981 case study reported that stimulation of the [[anterior]] vaginal wall made the area grow by fifty percent and that self-reported levels of arousal/orgasm were "deeper" when the G-spot was stimulated.<ref name="Addiego"/><ref name="Newman">{{cite book|author=David H. Newman|title=Hippocrates' Shadow|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2009|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=130|isbn=1416551549|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdWqPHgu3c8C&pg=PA130}}</ref> Another study, in 1983, examined eleven women by [[palpate|palpating]] the entire vagina in a clockwise fashion, and reported a specific response to stimulation of the anterior vaginal wall in four of the women, concluding that the area is the G-spot.<ref name="Taverner"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goldberg, DC |author2=Whipple, B |author3=Fishkin, RE |author4=Waxman H |author5=Fink PJ |author6=Wiesberg M. |year =1983 |title =The Grafenberg Spot and female ejaculation: a review of initial hypotheses. |journal =J Sex Marital Ther. |volume =9 |pages =27–37 |pmid =6686614 |issue =1 |doi=10.1080/00926238308405831}}</ref> In a 1990 study, an anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 2,350 professional women in the United States and Canada with a subsequent 55% return rate. Of these respondents, 40% reported having a fluid release (ejaculation) at the moment of orgasm, and 82% of the women who reported the sensitive area (Gräfenberg spot) also reported ejaculation with their orgasms. Several variables were associated with this perceived existence of female ejaculation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Darling, CA |author2=Davidson, JK |author3=Conway-Welch, C. |year =1990 |title =Female ejaculation: perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness |journal = Arch Sex Behav |volume =19 |pages =29–47 |doi =10.1007/BF01541824 |pmid =2327894 |issue =1}}</ref>

Some research suggests that G-spot and clitoral orgasms are of the same origin. [[Masters and Johnson]] were the first to determine that the clitoral structures surround and extend along and within the labia. Upon studying women's [[sexual response cycle]] to different stimulation, they observed that both clitoral and vaginal orgasms had the same stages of physical response, and found that the majority of their subjects could only achieve clitoral orgasms, while a minority achieved vaginal orgasms. On this basis, Masters and Johnson argued that clitoral stimulation is the source of both kinds of orgasms,<ref name="Masters and Johnson">{{cite book |last=Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers |year=1991 |title=A New View of a Woman’s Body |publisher= Feminist Heath Press |pages=46 |isbn=0-9629945-0-2}}</ref><ref name="Archer, Lloyd">{{cite book | authors= John Archer, Barbara Lloyd | title = Sex and Gender | publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]|year = 2002|pages=85–88| accessdate = August 25, 2012| isbn = 9780521635332 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ1V9r_J0sUC&pg=PA85}}</ref> reasoning that the clitoris is stimulated during penetration by friction against its hood.<ref name="Lloyd">{{Cite book|author-link = Elisabeth Lloyd | first = Elisabeth Anne | last = Lloyd | title = The Case Of The Female Orgasm: Bias In The Science Of Evolution | isbn = 9780674017061 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 2005 | accessdate = 5 January 2012|page=53| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFNvA6TvlwC&pg=PA53}}</ref>

Researchers at the [[University of L'Aquila]], using ultrasonography, presented evidence that women who experience vaginal orgasms are statistically more likely to have thicker tissue in the anterior vaginal wall.<ref name="Buss, Meston"/> The researchers believe these findings make it possible for women to have a rapid test to confirm whether or not they have a G-spot.<ref name="New Scientist">{{cite book|title=New Scientist|publisher=[[New Scientist|New Science Publications]] (original from [[University of California]])|year=2008|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=6|volume=197|issue=2638-2649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8o-AQAAIAAJ&q=&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t_riUsi6C4jcoATvyYCABQ&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAA}}</ref> Professor of [[genetic epidemiology]], Tim Spector, who co-authored research questioning the existence of the G-spot and finalized it in 2009, also hypothesizes thicker tissue in the G-spot area; he states that this tissue may be part of the clitoris and is not a separate erogenous zone.<ref name="New Scientist 2">{{cite book|title=New Scientist|publisher=[[New Scientist|New Science Publications]] (original from [[University of Virginia]])|year=2008|accessdate=March 9, 2015|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lFAAAAYAAJ&q}}</ref>

Supporting Spector's conclusion is a study published in 2005 which investigates the size of the clitoris – it suggests that clitoral tissue extends into the anterior wall of the vagina. The main researcher of the studies, Australian [[Urology|urologist]] Helen O'Connell, asserts that this interconnected relationship is the physiological explanation for the conjectured G-spot and experience of vaginal orgasms, taking into account the stimulation of the internal parts of the clitoris during vaginal penetration. While using [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] technology, O'Connell noted a direct relationship between the legs or roots of the clitoris and the erectile tissue of the "clitoral bulbs" and corpora, and the distal urethra and vagina. "The vaginal wall is, in fact, the clitoris," said O'Connell. "If you lift the skin off the vagina on the side walls, you get the bulbs of the clitoris – triangular, crescental masses of erectile tissue."<ref name="O'Connell"/> O'Connell et al., who performed dissections on the female genitals of [[cadaver]]s and used photography to map the structure of nerves in the clitoris, were already aware that the clitoris is more than just its glans and asserted in 1998 that there is more erectile tissue associated with the clitoris than is generally described in anatomical textbooks.<ref name="Sloane"/><ref name="Archer, Lloyd"/> They concluded that some females have more extensive clitoral tissues and nerves than others, especially having observed this in young cadavers as compared to elderly ones,<ref name="Sloane"/><ref name="Archer, Lloyd"/> and therefore whereas the majority of females can only achieve orgasm by direct stimulation of the external parts of the clitoris, the stimulation of the more generalized tissues of the clitoris via intercourse may be sufficient for others.<ref name="O'Connell"/>

French researchers Odile Buisson and Pierre Foldès reported similar findings to those of O'Connell's. In 2008, they published the first complete 3D [[Medical ultrasonography|sonography]] of the stimulated clitoris, and republished it in 2009 with new research, demonstrating the ways in which erectile tissue of the clitoris engorges and surrounds the vagina. On the basis of this research, they argued that women may be able to achieve vaginal orgasm via stimulation of the G-spot because the highly innervated clitoris is pulled closely to the anterior wall of the vagina when the woman is sexually aroused and during vaginal penetration. They assert that since the front wall of the vagina is inextricably linked with the internal parts of the clitoris, stimulating the vagina without activating the clitoris may be next to impossible.<ref name="Acton"/><ref name="Pappas">{{cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |title=Does the Vaginal Orgasm Exist? Experts Debate|publisher=[[LiveScience]] |date=April 9, 2012 |accessdate=November 28, 2012 |url=http://www.livescience.com/19579-vaginal-orgasm-debate.html}}</ref><ref name="Buisson and Foldès 2009">{{cite journal |last=Buisson|first=Odile|last2=Foldès|first2=Pierre|title=The clitoral complex: a dynamic sonographic study.|journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]|volume= 6|issue= 5|pages= 1223–31|year=2009|pmid=19453931 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01231.x}}</ref><ref name="Carroll">{{cite book|last=Carroll |first=Janell L.|title=Discovery Series: Human Sexuality|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=1111841896|year=2013|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3SZSh-eXsC&pg=PT135&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KgVcUt-tD6i52wXIuIGoCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> In their 2009 published study, the "coronal planes during perineal contraction and finger penetration demonstrated a close relationship between the root of the clitoris and the anterior vaginal wall". Buisson and Foldès suggested "that the special sensitivity of the lower anterior vaginal wall could be explained by pressure and movement of clitoris's root during a vaginal penetration and subsequent perineal contraction".<ref name="Acton"/><ref name="Buisson and Foldès 2009"/>

===Female prostate===
{{See also|Skene's gland|Urethral sponge}}

In 2001, the [[International Federation of Associations of Anatomists|Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology]] accepted ''female prostate'' as an accurate term for the Skene's gland, which is believed to be found in the G-spot area along the walls of the urethra. The male prostate is biologically [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the Skene's gland;<ref name="Lentz">{{cite book|authors=Gretchen M Lentz, Rogerio A. Lobo, David M Gershenson, Vern L. Katz|title=Comprehensive Gynecology|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|year=2012|accessdate=March 9, 2015|page=41|isbn=0323091318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&pg=PA41}}</ref> it has been unofficially called the male G-spot because it can also [[prostate massage|be used as an erogenous zone]].<ref name="Rosenthal"/><ref name="Answer">{{cite book|title=The Orgasm Answer Guide|isbn = 0-8018-9396-8|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|year=2009|pages=108–109|accessdate=6 November 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kkts3AX9QVAC&pg=PA108|author =Barry R. Komisaruk, [[Beverly Whipple]], Sara Nasserzadeh, Carlos Beyer-Flores}}</ref>

[[Regnier de Graaf]], in 1672, observed that the secretions (female ejaculation) by the erogenous zone in the vagina lubricate "in agreeable fashion during coitus". Modern scientific hypotheses linking G-spot sensitivity with female ejaculation led to the idea that non-urine female ejaculate may originate from the Skene's gland, with the Skene's gland and male prostate acting similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific [[acid phosphatase]] studies,<ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Bullough">{{cite book|authors=Vern L. Bullough, Bonnie Bullough|title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|accessdate=October 30, 2014|page=231|isbn=1135825092|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHymAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231}}</ref> which led to a trend of calling the Skene's glands the female prostate.<ref name="Bullough"/> Additionally, the enzyme [[cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5|PDE5]] (involved with [[erectile dysfunction]]) has additionally been associated with the G-spot area.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nicola Jones|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2495|title= Bigger is better when it comes to the G-Spot|date=3 July 2002|journal=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref> Because of these factors, it has been argued that the G-spot is a system of [[gland]]s and [[duct (anatomy)|ducts]] located within the anterior (front) wall of the vagina.<ref name="Cooks, Barr"/> A similar approach has linked the G-spot with the [[urethral sponge]].<ref name="Irvine">{{cite book|author=Janice M. Irvine|title=Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2014|accessdate=March 9, 2015|page=271|isbn=1592131514|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&pg=PA271}}</ref><ref name="Chalker">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Chalker|title=The Clitoral Truth: The Secret World at Your Fingertips|isbn =1609800109|publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]|year=2011|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3m3_Uq8qWkC&pg=PA95}}</ref>

==Clinical significance==

G-spot amplification (also called G-spot augmentation or the G-Shot) is a procedure intended to temporarily increase pleasure in sexually active women with normal sexual function, focusing on increasing the size and sensitivity of the G-spot. G-spot amplification is performed by attempting to locate the G-spot and noting measurements for future reference. After numbing the area with a local anesthetic, human engineered [[collagen]] is then injected directly under the [[mucosa]] in the area the G-spot is concluded to be in.<ref name="Cooks, Barr "/><ref name="Krychman">{{cite book | author= Michael L. Krychman | title = 100 Questions & Answers About Women's Sexual Wellness and Vitality: A Practical Guide for the Woman Seeking Sexual Fulfillment | publisher =[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]]|year = 2009|page=98| accessdate = January 24, 2014| isbn = 1449630774 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3X7UriJY2TsC&pg=PT111&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4KniUvruHIXvoAS1pYCQAg&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref>

A position paper published by the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] in 2007 warns that there is no valid medical reason to perform the procedure, which is not considered routine or accepted by the College; and it has not been proven to be safe or effective. The potential risks include sexual dysfunction, infection, altered sensation, [[dyspareunia]], adhesions and scarring.<ref name="Cooks, Barr "/> The College position is that it is untenable to recommend the procedure.<ref>{{cite journal |title=ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "rejuvenation" and cosmetic vaginal procedures |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=737–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17766626 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000263927.82639.9b}}</ref> The procedure is also not approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] or the [[American Medical Association]], and no [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] studies have been accepted to account for either safety or effectiveness of this treatment.<ref name="parties">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=4312986 |publisher=ABC News |title= G-Shot Parties: A Shot at Better Sex?|author=Childs, Dan|date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref>

==Society and culture==

===General skepticism===
In addition to general skepticism among gynecologists, sexologists and other researchers that the G-spot exists,<ref name="Balon, Segraves"/><ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Hines"/><ref name="Kilchevsky"/> a team at [[King's College London]] in late 2009 suggested that its existence is subjective. They acquired the largest sample size of women to date – 1,800 – who are pairs of twins, and found that the twins did not report a similar G-spot in their questionnaires. The research, headed by Tim Spector, documents a 15-year study of the twins, identical and non-identical. Identical twins share genes, while non-identical pairs share 50% of theirs. According to the researchers, if one identical twin reported having a G-spot, it was more likely that the other would too, but this pattern did not materialize.<ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Acton"/> Study co-author Andrea Burri believes: "It is rather irresponsible to claim the existence of an entity that has never been proven and pressurise women and men too."<ref name="BBC8439000">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8439000.stm |title=BBC News - The G-spot 'doesn't appear to exist', say researchers |work= |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=2010-01-04}}</ref> She stated that one of the reasons for the research was to remove feelings of "inadequacy or underachievement" for women who feared they lacked a G-spot.<ref name="YvonneRoberts">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jan/05/g-spot-women-study |title=The real G-spot myth | Yvonne Roberts | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk |format= |work= The Guardian|accessdate=2010-05-02 | location=London | date=2010-01-05}}</ref> Researcher [[Beverly Whipple]] dismissed the findings, commenting that twins have different sexual partners and techniques, and that the study did not properly account for lesbian or bisexual women.<ref name="TimesOnline">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article6973971.ece |title=What an anti-climax: G-Spot is a myth - Times Online |work= The Times|author=Lois Rogers |accessdate=January 23, 2012| location=London | date=January 3, 2010|archivedate=May 31, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531122424/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article6973971.ece}}</ref>

Petra Boynton, a British scientist who has written extensively on the G-spot debate, is also concerned about the promotion of the G-spot leading women to feel "dysfunctional" if they do not experience it. "We're all different. Some women will have a certain area within the vagina which will be very sensitive, and some won't — but they won't necessarily be in the area called the G spot," she stated. "If a woman spends all her time worrying about whether she is normal, or has a G spot or not, she will focus on just one area, and ignore everything else. It's telling people that there is a single, best way to have sex, which isn't the right thing to do."<ref name="BBCGspotDetected">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7254523.stm |title=BBC NEWS | Health | Female G spot 'can be detected' |format= |work=html |accessdate=2010-01-03 | date=2008-02-20}}</ref>

===Nerve endings===
G-spot proponents are criticized for giving too much credence to [[anecdotal evidence]], and for questionable investigative methods; for instance, the studies which have yielded positive evidence for a precisely located G-spot involve small participant samples.<ref name="Balon, Segraves"/><ref name="Hines"/> While the existence of a greater concentration of nerve endings at the lower third (near the entrance) of the vagina is commonly cited,<ref name="Rosenthal"/><ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Sex and Society"/><ref name="Weiten">{{Cite book|authors=Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|isbn =9781111186630|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|page=386|accessdate=January 5, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT423}}</ref> some scientific examinations of vaginal wall innervation have shown no single area with a greater density of nerve endings.<ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Hines"/>

Several researchers also consider the connection between the Skene's gland and the G-spot to be weak.<ref name="Hines"/><ref name="santos">{{cite journal |author=Santos, F Taboga, S. |year=2003 |title=Female prostate: a review about biological repercussions of this gland in humans and rodents.|journal=Animal Reproduction |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages= 3–18}}</ref> The urethral sponge, however, which is also hypothesized as the G-spot, contains sensitive nerve endings and erectile tissue.<ref name="Irvine"/><ref name="Chalker"/> Sensitivity is not determined by neuron density alone: other factors include the branching patterns of neuron terminals and cross or collateral innervation of neurons.<ref name="pmid10651316">{{cite journal|vauthors=Babmindra VP, Novozhilova AP, Bragina TA |title=The structural bases of the regulation of neuron sensitivity |journal=Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=615–20 |year=1999 |pmid=10651316 |doi=10.1007/BF02462474 |url=http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=q6h325761132q014&size=largest |accessdate=2010-01-03 |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714081305/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=q6h325761132q014&size=largest |archivedate=2011-07-14 |df= }}</ref> While G-spot opponents argue that because there are very few tactile nerve endings in the vagina and that therefore the G-spot cannot exist, G-spot proponents argue that vaginal orgasms rely on pressure-sensitive nerves.<ref name="Balon, Segraves"/>

===Clitoral and other anatomical debates===

The G-spot having an anatomical relationship with the clitoris has been challenged by Vincenzo Puppo, who, while agreeing that the clitoris is the center of female sexual pleasure, disagrees with Helen O'Connell and other researchers' terminological and anatomical descriptions of the clitoris. He stated, "Clitoral bulbs is an incorrect term from an embryological and anatomical viewpoint, in fact the bulbs do not develop from the phallus, and they do not belong to the clitoris." He says that ''clitoral bulbs'' "is not a term used in human anatomy" and that ''[[vestibular bulbs]]'' is the correct term, adding that gynecologists and sexual experts should inform the public with facts instead of hypotheses or personal opinions. "[C]litoral/vaginal/uterine orgasm, G/A/C/U spot orgasm, and female ejaculation, are terms that should not be used by sexologists, women, and mass media," he said, further commenting that the "anterior vaginal wall is separated from the posterior urethral wall by the urethrovaginal septum (its thickness is 10–12 mm)" and that the "inner clitoris" does not exist. "The female perineal urethra, which is located in front of the anterior vaginal wall, is about one centimeter in length and the G-spot is located in the pelvic wall of the urethra, 2–3 cm into the vagina," Puppo stated. He believes that the penis cannot come in contact with the congregation of multiple nerves/veins situated until the angle of the clitoris, detailed by [[Georg Ludwig Kobelt]], or with the roots of the clitoris, which do not have sensory receptors or erogenous sensitivity, during vaginal intercourse. He did, however, dismiss the orgasmic definition of the G-spot that emerged after Ernst Gräfenberg, stating that "there is no anatomical evidence of the vaginal orgasm which was invented by Freud in 1905, without any scientific basis".<ref name="Puppo">{{cite journal |author=Vincenzo Puppo |title=Anatomy of the Clitoris: Revision and Clarifications about the Anatomical Terms for the Clitoris Proposed (without Scientific Bases) by Helen O'Connell, Emmanuele Jannini, and Odile Buisson.|journal=ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume= 2011|issue=ID 261464 |pages=5 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21941661 |doi=10.5402/2011/261464 |pmc=3175415}}</ref>

Puppo's belief that there is no anatomical relationship between the vagina and clitoris is contrasted by the general belief among researchers that vaginal orgasms are the result of clitoral stimulation; they maintain that clitoral tissue extends, or is at least likely stimulated by the clitoral bulbs, even in the area most commonly reported to be the G-spot.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Sex and Society"/><ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="Can't find it">{{Cite news|first=Brian|last=Alexander|url=http://todayhealth.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/18/10177335-does-the-g-spot-really-exist-scientist-cant-find-it|title=Does the G-spot really exist? Scientist can't find it|publisher=[[MSNBC]].com|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=March 2, 2012}}</ref> "My view is that the G-spot is really just the extension of the clitoris on the inside of the vagina, analogous to the base of the male penis," said researcher Amichai Kilchevsky. Because female fetal development is the "default" direction of fetal development in the absence of substantial exposure to male hormones and therefore the penis is essentially a clitoris enlarged by such hormones, Kilchevsky believes that there is no evolutionary reason why females would have two separate structures capable of producing orgasms and blames the porn industry and "G-spot promoters" for "encouraging the myth" of a distinct G-spot.<ref name="Can't find it"/>

The general difficulty of achieving vaginal orgasms, which is a predicament that is likely due to nature easing the process of child bearing by drastically reducing the number of vaginal nerve endings,<ref name="Rosenthal"/><ref name="Balon, Segraves"/><ref name="Weiten"/> challenge arguments that vaginal orgasms help encourage sexual intercourse in order to facilitate reproduction.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Lloyd"/> O'Connell stated that focusing on the G-spot to the exclusion of the rest of a woman's body is "a bit like stimulating a guy's testicles without touching the penis and expecting an orgasm to occur just because love is present". She stated that it "is best to think of the clitoris, urethra, and vagina as one unit because they are intimately related".<ref name="Rob Baedeker">{{cite web |last=Rob|first=Baedeker |title=Sex: Fact and Fiction|publisher=[[WebMD]]|pages=2–3|accessdate=November 28, 2012|url=http://men.webmd.com/features/sex-fact-fiction?page=2}}</ref> [[Ian Kerner]] stated that the G-spot may be "nothing more than the roots of the clitoris crisscrossing the urethral sponge".<ref name="Rob Baedeker"/>

A [[Rutgers University]] study, published in 2011, was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain, and supports the possibility of a distinct G-spot. When the research team asked several women to stimulate themselves in a [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional magnetic resonance]] (fMRI) machine, brain scans showed stimulating the clitoris, vagina and cervix lit up distinct areas of the women's sensory cortex, which means the brain registered distinct feelings between stimulating the clitoris, the cervix and the vaginal wall – where the G-spot is reported to be.<ref name="Pappas"/><ref name="Woodall">{{cite book |last=Woodall |first=Camay |title=Exploring the Essentials of Healthy Personality: What is Normal?|volume=2 |isbn=1440831955 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2014|pages=168–169|accessdate=December 10, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RaDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal|author=Komisaruk, B. R., Wise, N., Frangos, E., Liu, W.-C., Allen, K. and Brody, S. |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x|layurl= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/08/05/scitech/main20088836.shtml Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation |laysource=[[CBS]]news.com|laydate=August 5, 2011 |pmid=21797981 |pmc=3186818 |volume=8 |pages=2822–30}}</ref> "I think that the bulk of the evidence shows that the G-spot is not a particular thing," stated Barry Komisaruk, head of the research findings. "It's not like saying, 'What is the thyroid gland?' The G-spot is more of a thing like New York City is a thing. It's a region, it's a convergence of many different structures."<ref name="Kilchevsky"/>

In 2009, ''[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]'' held a debate for both sides of the G-spot issue, concluding that further evidence is needed to validate the existence of the G-spot.<ref name="Greenberg"/> In 2012, scholars Kilchevsky, Vardi, Lowenstein and Gruenwald stated in the journal, "Reports in the public media would lead one to believe the G-spot is a well-characterized entity capable of providing extreme sexual stimulation, yet this is far from the truth." The authors cited that dozens of trials have attempted to confirm the existence of a G-spot using surveys, pathologic specimens, various imaging modalities, and biochemical markers, and concluded:<blockquote>The surveys found that a majority of women believe a G-spot actually exists, although not all of the women who believed in it were able to locate it. Attempts to characterize vaginal innervation have shown some differences in nerve distribution across the vagina, although the findings have not proven to be universally reproducible. Furthermore, radiographic studies have been unable to demonstrate a unique entity, other than the clitoris, whose direct stimulation leads to vaginal orgasm. Objective measures have failed to provide strong and consistent evidence for the existence of an anatomical site that could be related to the famed G-spot. However, reliable reports and anecdotal testimonials of the existence of a highly sensitive area in the distal anterior vaginal wall raise the question of whether enough investigative modalities have been implemented in the search of the G-spot.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/></blockquote>

A 2014 review from ''[[Nature Reviews Urology]]'' reported that "no single structure consistent with a distinct G-spot has been identified."<ref name="Jannini">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jannini EA, Buisson O, Rubio-Casillas A |title=Beyond the G-spot: clitourethrovaginal complex anatomy in female orgasm.|journal=[[Nature Reviews Urology]]|year=2014|doi=10.1038/nrurol.2014.193|volume=11|pages=531–538}}</ref>

==History==
The release of fluids had been seen by medical practitioners as beneficial to health. Within this context, various methods were used over the centuries to release "female seed" (via [[vaginal lubrication]] or female ejaculation) as a treatment for ''suffocation ex semine retento'' (suffocation of the womb), [[female hysteria]] or [[green sickness]]. Methods included a [[midwife]] rubbing the walls of the vagina or insertion of the penis or penis-shaped objects into the vagina.<ref name="StoryofV">{{cite book|last=Blackledge|first=Catherine|title=The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=2003|page=203|isbn=0-8135-3455-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2d-11Y_u3cC&dq=history+of+v}}</ref> In the book ''History of V'', Catherine Blackledge lists old terms for what she believes refer to the female prostate (the Skene's gland), including ''the little stream'', ''the black pearl'' and ''palace of yin'' in China, ''the skin of the earthworm'' in Japan, and ''saspanda nadi'' in the India sex manual ''[[Ananga Ranga]]''.<ref>Blackledge, p. 201</ref>

The 17th-century Dutch physician Regnier de Graaf described female ejaculation and referred to an erogenous zone in the vagina that he linked as homologous with the male prostate; this zone was later reported by the German gynecologist [[Ernst Gräfenberg]].<ref name="Roeckelein2006p256">{{cite book | authors = Jon E. Roeckelein | title = ''Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories'' | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 2006 | page = 256 | accessdate = October 8, 2012 |isbn = 9780444517500| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1Yn6NZgxvssC&pg=PA256|quote=The ''G-spot'' is not felt normally during a gynecological exam, because the area must be sexually stimulated in order for it to swell and be palpable; physicians, of course, do not sexually arouse their patients and, therefore, do not typically find the woman's ''G-spot''.}}</ref> Coinage of the term ''G-spot'' has been credited to Addiego et al. in 1981, named after Gräfenberg,<ref name="Addiego">{{cite journal |author =Addiego, F; Belzer, EG; Comolli, J; Moger, W; Perry, JD; [[Beverly Whipple|Whipple, B.]] |year =1981|title =Female ejaculation: a case study |journal =Journal of Sex Research |volume =17 |issue =1|pages =13–21 |doi =10.1080/00224498109551094}}</ref> and to Alice Kahn Ladas and [[Beverly Whipple]] et al. in 1982.<ref name="Taverner">{{cite book|author=William J. Taverner|title=Taking Sides: Clashing Views On Controversial Issues In Human Sexuality|publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education]]|year=2005|accessdate=January 24, 2014|pages=79–82|isbn=1429955228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpFAAAAYAAJ&q=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XPXiUoikFtPhoAT7noCQBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg}}</ref> Gräfenberg's 1940s research, however, was dedicated to urethral stimulation; Gräfenberg stated, "An erotic zone always could be demonstrated on the anterior wall of the vagina along the course of the urethra".<ref name="Gräfenberg1950">{{cite journal |year=1950 |journal=International Journal of Sexology |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=145–148 |title=The role of urethra in female orgasm |author=Ernest Gräfenberg |url=http://www.landman-psychology.com/284/sexuality/grafenberg-gspot.htm}}</ref> The concept of the G-spot entered popular culture with the 1982 publication of ''[[The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality]]'' by Ladas, Whipple and Perry,<ref name="Taverner"/> but it was criticized immediately by [[Gynaecology|gynecologists]]:<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/><ref name="time1982">{{cite journal |date = September 13, 1982 |title =In Search of the Perfect G |journal =[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951842-1,00.html}}</ref> some of them denied its existence as the absence of arousal made it less likely to observe, and autopsy studies did not report it.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sexuality}}
* [[Human female sexuality]]
* [[Human sexuality]]
* [[Labiaplasty]]
* [[Vaginoplasty]]
* [[Anterior fornix erogenous zone]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://sexuality.about.com/od/gspotfemaleejaculation/a/whatisgspot.htm About.com – Sexuality, "What is the G-Spot?", Cory Silverberg]
* [http://sexuality.about.com/od/anatomyresponse/ht/findyourgspot.htm About.com – How to Locate Your G Spot]
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090711144641/http://www.the-clitoris.com/f_html/ejacula.htm The-Clitoris.com – Female Ejaculation, the Female Prostate, and The G-Spot]



{{Female reproductive system}}
{{Sex}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:G-spot}}
[[Category:Vagina]]
[[Category:Clitoris]]
[[Category:Sexual arousal]]

Gravel Pit

2017-08-10T11:22:21Z

45.55.28.163:

{{NewInfobox Map
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{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
[[File:Gravel on a beach in Thirasia, Santorini, Greece.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about 4 cm)]]
[[File:Gravel1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[gravel road]] in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]]]]
[[File:gravel small.jpg|right|frame|Gravel being unloaded from a [[barge]]]]

'''Gravel''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|v|əl}} is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel is classified by [[Particle size (grain size)|particle size]] range and includes size classes from [[Granule_(geology)|granule]]- to [[boulder]]-sized fragments. In the [[Udden-Wentworth scale]] gravel is categorized into granular gravel ({{convert|2|to|4|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[pebble]] gravel ({{convert|4|to|64|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}). One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 pounds).

Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many [[road]]ways are [[pavement (roads)|surfaced]] with gravel, especially in [[rural]] areas where there is little [[traffic]]. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with [[concrete]] or [[tarmac]]; [[Russia]] alone has over {{convert|400000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[gravel road]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=1 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY|url=http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/5763/1/BENJAMIN%20GBEVE.pdf|website=1 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}}</ref> Both [[sand]] and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of [[concrete]].

==Geological formation==
Large gravel deposits are a common geological feature, being formed as a result of the [[weathering]] and [[erosion]] of rocks. The action of rivers and waves tends to pile up gravel in large accumulations. This can sometimes result in gravel becoming compacted and concreted into the [[sedimentary rock]] called [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]]. Where natural gravel deposits are insufficient for human purposes, gravel is often produced by quarrying and crushing hard-wearing rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, or basalt. Quarries where gravel is extracted are known as gravel pits. Southern England possesses particularly large concentrations of them due to the widespread deposition of gravel in the region during the [[Ice Age]]s.

===Modern production===
As of 2006, the United States is the world's leading producer and consumer of gravel.<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2006/mcs2006.pdf Mineral Commodity Summaries 2006] 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silica/silica_t11.html Industrial Sand And Gravel (Silica): World Production, By Country] 2009</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''gravel'' comes from the [[Breton language]]. In Breton, "grav" means coast. Adding the "-el" suffix in Breton denotes the component parts of something larger. Thus "gravel" means the small stones which make up such a beach on the coast. Many dictionaries ignore the Breton language, citing [[Old French]] ''gravele''<ref>Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 30 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website:http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gravel</ref> or ''gravelle''.<ref>Gravel, n., ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009</ref>

Gravel often has the meaning a mixture of different size pieces of stone mixed with sand and possibly some clay. In American English, small stones without sand mixed in are known as [[crushed stone]].<ref>"gravel." Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. 2015. http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/word/gravel (8 January 2015)</ref><ref>"Gravel, n." def. 1. Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary; an Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language,. Vol. 3. New York: Century, 1889. 2607. Print.</ref>

==Types==
[[File:Gravel small stones.jpg|thumb|250px|Gravel with stones sized roughly between 5 and 15 mm]]
[[File:Kiesgrube Bernau 2012 - panoramio (7).jpg|thumb|250px|Sand and gravel separator in a gravel pit in [[Brandenburg]] (eastern Germany)]]
Types of gravel include:

* '''Bank gravel''': naturally deposited gravel intermixed with sand or [[clay]] found in and next to rivers and streams. Also known as "bank run" or "river run".
* '''Bench gravel''': a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level.
*'''Creek rock or river rock''': this is generally rounded, semi-polished stones, potentially of a wide range of types, that are dredged or scooped from [[stream bed]]s. It is also often used as concrete aggregate and less often as a paving surface.
*'''Crushed stone''': rock crushed and graded by screens and then mixed to a blend of stones and fines. It is widely used as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with [[tar]] applied over it. Crushed stone may be made from [[granite]], [[limestone]], [[dolostone]], and other rocks. Also known as "crusher run", DGA (dense grade aggregate) QP (quarry process), and shoulder stone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braenstone.com/crushed-stone/quarry-process-qp-dga/|title=Quarry Process - QP, DGA - NJ, NY, NYC, PA|website=www.braenstone.com}}</ref>
* '''Fine gravel''': gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm.
* '''Lag gravel''': a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles.
* '''Pay gravel''': also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through [[gold panning]].
* '''Pea gravel''': gravel that consists of small, rounded stones used in concrete surfaces. Also used for walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums.
* '''Piedmont gravel''': a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly.
* '''Plateau gravel''': a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found.

==Relationship to plant life==
In locales where gravelly soil is predominant, plant life is generally more sparse.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461 ''Abiotic factor''. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608071757/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461 |date=8 June 2013 }}. Washington DC</ref> This outcome derives from the inferior ability of gravels to retain moisture, as well as the corresponding paucity of mineral nutrients, since finer soils that contain such minerals are present in smaller amounts.

==See also==
* [[Construction aggregate]]
* [[Pebble]]
* [[Rock (geology)|Rock]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Gravel}}

{{Geotechnical engineering|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Sedimentology]]
[[Category:Building stone]]
[[Category:Natural materials]]
[[Category:Pavements]]
[[Category:Gardening aids]]
[[Category:Stone]]
[[Category:Soil-based building materials]]

== Usage in competitive ==
{{Gravel Pit/MapLeagueInclusionTable}}
== Locations ==
=== Point A ===
{{Map locations
| title = Gravel Pit — Point A
| image = Gravelpit Point A.jpg
| area1 = A-B connector | x1=186px | y1=61px
| area2 = Left | x2=149px | y2=164px
| area3 = Right | x3=650px | y3=161px
| area4 = A-C connector | x4=37px | y4=94px
| area5 = Window | x5=493px | y5=258px
}}

=== Point B ===
{{Map locations
| title = Gravel Pit — Point B
| image = Gravelpit Point B.jpg
| area1 = C-B left connector | x1=392px | y1=52px
| area2 = C-B right connector / Fence | x2=582px | y2=72px
| area3 = A-B connector | x3=220px | y3=95px
| area4 = Shed | x4=281px | y4=118px
| area5 = Short | x5=169px | y5=112px
| area6 = Shadow side | x6=571px | y6=209px
| area7 = Rampside | x7=446px | y7=261px
| area8 = Long | x8=135px | y8=294px
| area9 = Rock | x9=441px | y9=346px
}}

=== Point C ===
{{Map locations
| title = Gravel Pit — Point C
| image = Gravelpit Point C.jpg
| area1 = Tower | x1=429px | y1=34px
| area2 = 3 / Main | x2=326px | y2=85px
| area3 = 4 | x3=508px | y3=124px
| area4 = 2 / Tires | x4=235px | y4=164px
| area5 = 5 | x5=523px | y5=205px
| area6 = 1 | x6=233px | y6=248px
| area7 = Lower | x7=500px | y7=291px
| area8 = Back right ramp | x8=628px | y8=289px
| area9 = Back left ramp | x9=268px | y9=395px
}}

{{All Maps Navbox}}

Bagel

2017-08-10T11:21:45Z

45.55.28.163:

{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Bagel
| image = [[File:Bagel-Plain-Alt.jpg|250px]]
| caption = A plain commercially produced bagel (as evidenced by grate marks used in steaming, rather than boiling)
| alternate_name = Bajgiel, beigel, beygl
| country = [[Poland]]
| region = [[Central Europe|Central]] & [[Eastern Europe]], [[North America]], [[Israel]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = Bread
| served =
| main_ingredient = Wheat dough
| variations = [[Montreal-style bagel]], [[pizza bagel]]
| calories =
| other =
}}

A '''bagel''' ({{lang-yi|בײגל}} ''{{transl|yi|beygl}}''<span style="margin-left:1px">;</span> {{lang-pl|bajgiel}}), also spelled '''beigel''',<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/beigel?r=66 Definition: Beigel], retrieved from Dictionary.com website July 11, 2011</ref> is a [[Bread|bread product]] originating in the [[History of Jews in Poland|Jewish communities of Poland]].
It is traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from [[yeast]]ed [[wheat]] dough, roughly hand-sized, that is first [[Boiling#In cooking|boiled]] for a short time in water and then [[Baking|baked]]. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust, with the traditional ones being [[poppy]], [[sunflower]] or [[sesame]] seeds. Some may have [[salt]] sprinkled on their surface, and there are different dough types, such as whole-grain or rye.<ref name="Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica (2009) [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48756/bagel Bagel], retrieved February 24, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online</ref><ref name="The Book of Jewish Food">Roden, Claudia (November 1996). "The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York" Excerpt [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/2/Food/Ashkenazic_Cuisine/Poland_and_Russia/The_Bagel.shtml], retrieved April 7, 2015 from My Jewish Learning</ref>

Though the origins of bagels are somewhat obscure, it is known that they were widely consumed in [[Ashkenazi Jews|eastern European Jewish]] communities from the 17th century. The first known mention of the bagel, in 1610, was in Jewish community ordinances in [[Kraków]], [[Poland]].

Bagels are now a popular bread product in North America, especially in cities with a large [[Jew]]ish population, many with alternative ways of making them. Like other bakery products, bagels are available (fresh or frozen, often in many flavors) in many major supermarkets in those countries.

The basic roll-with-a-hole design is hundreds of years old and has other practical advantages besides providing for a more even cooking and baking of the dough: The hole could be used to thread string or dowels through groups of bagels, allowing for easier handling and transportation and more appealing seller displays.<ref>Nathan, Joan (2008) [http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2008/11/a_short_history_of_the_bagel.html A Short History of the Bagel: From ancient Egypt to Lender's] ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', posted Nov. 12, 2008</ref><ref>Columbia University NYC24 New Media Workshop website [http://www.nyc24.org/2002/issue01/story02/page03.asp History of the Bagel: The Hole Story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822153619/http://www.nyc24.org/2002/issue01/story02/page03.asp |date=2011-08-22 }}, retrieved February 24, 2009.</ref>

== History ==
Contrary to some beliefs, the bagel was not created in the shape of a [[stirrup]] to commemorate the victory of Poland's King [[John III Sobieski]] over the [[Ottoman Empire]] at the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683.

Linguist [[Leo Rosten]] wrote in ''The Joys of Yiddish'' about the first known mention of the Polish word ''bajgiel'' derived from the Yiddish word ''bagel'' in the "Community Regulations" of the city of [[Kraków]] in 1610, which stated that the item was given as a gift to women in childbirth.<ref>Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. [http://homecooking.about.com/od/foodhistory/a/bagelhistory.htm Bagel History: Bagels date back to the 1600s], About.com website, retrieved March 27, 2013.</ref>

In the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the ''bajgiel'' became a staple of [[Polish cuisine]]<ref>Altschuler, Glenn C. (2008) [http://www.forward.com/articles/14502 Three Centuries of Bagels], a book review of:'' 'The Bagel: The Surprising History of a Modest Bread', by Balinska, Maria, Yale University Press, 2008'', Jewish Daily Press website, published on-line November 05, 2008 in the issue of November 14, 2008</ref> and a staple of the Slavic diet generally.<ref>[[Zinovy Zinik]],'Freelance,' in [[Times Literary Supplement]], Nov., 18, 2011 p.16.</ref> Its name derives from the Yiddish word ''beygal'' from the German dialect word ''beugel'', meaning "ring" or "bracelet".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Alan|title=Oxford Companion to Food|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=9780192806819|page=49|edition=2nd}}</ref>

Variants of the word ''beugal'' are used in [[Yiddish]] and in [[Austrian German]] to refer to a similar form of sweet-filled pastry (''Mohnbeugel'' (with poppy seeds) and ''Nussbeugel'' (with ground nuts), or in southern German dialects (where ''beuge'' refers to a pile, e.g., ''holzbeuge'' "woodpile"). According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, 'bagel' derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish'' 'beygl','' which came from the [[Middle High German]] 'böugel' or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in [[Old High German]], similar to the [[Old English]] ''bēag'' "ring" and ''būgan'' "to bend, bow".<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bagel Merriam-Webster's Dictionary definition of 'bagel'], Merriam-Webster Inc. online, 2009, retrieved 2009-04-24</ref> Similarly, another [[etymology]] in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the [[Austrian German]] ''beugel'', a kind of [[croissant]], and was similar to the German ''bügel'', a stirrup or ring.<ref>[http://www.yourdictionary.com/bagel Webster's New World College Dictionary definition of 'bagel'], Wiley Publishing Inc., Cleveland, 2005, retrieved 2009-04-24;</ref>

In the [[Brick Lane]] district and surrounding area of [[London]], England, bagels (or, as locally spelled, "beigels") have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden dowels, up to a metre in length, on racks.

[[File:*this* is a bagel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bagels with [[cream cheese]] and [[lox|lox (cured salmon)]] are considered a traditional part of [[American Jewish cuisine]] (colloquially known as "lox and a ''schmear''").]]
Bagels were brought to the [[United States]] by immigrant Polish Jews, with a thriving business developing in [[New York City]] that was controlled for decades by [[Bagel Bakers Local 338]], They had contracts with nearly all bagel bakeries in and around the city for its workers, who prepared all their bagels by hand.

The bagel came into more general use throughout [[North America]] in the last quarter of the 20th century with automation. [[Daniel Thompson (inventor)|Daniel Thompson]] started work on the first commercially viable bagel machine in 1958; bagel baker [[Lender's Bagels|Harry Lender]], his son, [[Murray Lender]], and [[Florence Sender]] leased this technology and pioneered automated production and distribution of frozen bagels in the 1960s.<ref>Klagsburn, Francine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114133636/http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c55_a16243/Editorial__Opinion/Opinion.html "Chewing Over The Bagel’s Story"], ''[[The Jewish Week]]'', July 8, 2009. Accessed July 15, 2009.</ref><ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|first=Dennis|last=Hevesi|title=Murray Lender, Who Gave All America a Taste of Bagels, Dies at 81 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/business/murray-lender-dies-at-81-gave-all-america-a-taste-of-bagels.html |work=[[New York Times]] |publisher= |date=2012-03-22 |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref><ref name=wp>{{cite news|first=Lily|last=Rothman|title=Murray Lender, the man who brought bagels to the masses |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/murray-lender-the-man-who-brought-bagels-to-the-masses/2012/03/23/gIQACt47VS_story.html |work=[[Washington Post]] |publisher= |date=2012-03-23 |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> Murray also invented pre-slicing the bagel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murray Lender |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21552989 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=21 April 2012 |accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref>

Around 1900, the "bagel brunch" became popular in New York City.<ref name="Adamson Segan 2008 p. 94"/> The bagel brunch consists of a bagel topped with [[lox]], cream cheese, [[caper]]s, tomato, and red onion.<ref name="Adamson Segan 2008 p. 94"/> This and similar combinations of toppings have remained associated with bagels into the 21st century in the US.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Milton |last2=Freeman |first2=Allyn |title=How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli: A Giant Sandwich, a Little Deli, a Huge Success |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=0471710350 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vE6I74CXk4kC&pg=PA97&dq=bagel+lox+cream+cheese+capers+tomato+onion&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLhIT2m-rJAhUGeD4KHTiJDtEQ6AEILzAA#v=onepage&q=bagel%20lox%20cream%20cheese%20capers%20tomato%20onion&f=false |accessdate=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Melissa |title=Setting Out the Bagels and Lox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/dining/setting-out-the-bagels-and-lox.html |accessdate=2015-12-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Justin |title=The Laws of Cooking* *and How to Break Them |date=2015 |publisher=Flatiron Books |location=New York |isbn=9781250065131 |page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQaJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&dq=bagel+lox+cream+cheese+capers+tomato+onion&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLhIT2m-rJAhUGeD4KHTiJDtEQ6AEINjAB#v=onepage&q=bagel%20lox%20cream%20cheese%20capers%20tomato%20onion&f=false |accessdate=2015-12-20}}</ref>

In [[Japan]], the first kosher bagels were brought by {{Interlanguage link multi|BagelK|ja|3=ベーグルK}} from New York in 1989. BagelK created green tea, chocolate, maple-nut, and banana-nut flavors for the market in Japan. There are three million bagels exported from the U.S. annually, and it has a 4%-of-duty classification of Japan in 2000. Some Japanese bagels, such as those sold by {{Interlanguage link multi|BAGEL & BAGEL|ja|3=BAGEL & BAGEL}}, are soft and/or sweet; others, such as [[Einstein Bros. Bagels|Einstein Bro. bagels]] sold by [[Costco]] in Japan, are the same as in the U.S.

== Preparation and preservation ==
[[File:MontrealBagels.jpg|thumb|left|Saturday morning bagel queue at [[St-Viateur Bagel]], Montreal, Quebec]]
At its most basic, traditional bagel dough contains wheat flour (without [[Cereal germ|germ]] or [[bran]]), salt, water, and [[Leavening agent|yeast leavening]]. [[Bread flour#Types of Flour|Bread flour]] or other high [[gluten]] flours are preferred to create the firm, dense but spongy bagel shape and chewy texture.<ref name="Britannica" /> Most bagel recipes call for the addition of a sweetener to the dough, often [[barley malt]] (syrup or crystals), honey, [[high fructose corn syrup]], [[sugar]], with or without eggs, milk or butter.<ref name="Britannica" /> Leavening can be accomplished using a [[sourdough]] technique or a commercially produced yeast.

Bagels are traditionally made by:
* mixing and kneading the ingredients to form the dough
* shaping the dough into the traditional bagel shape, round with a hole in the middle, from a long thin piece of dough
* [[Proofing (baking technique)|proofing]] the bagels for at least 12 hours at low temperature (40–50 °F = 4.5–10 °C)
* boiling each bagel in water that may contain additives such as [[lye]], [[baking soda]], [[barley malt syrup]], or [[honey]]
* baking at between 175 °C and 315 °C (about 350–600 °F)

It is this unusual production method which is said to give bagels their distinctive taste, chewy texture, and shiny appearance.

In recent years, a variant has emerged, producing what is sometimes called the steam bagel. To make a steam bagel, the boiling is skipped, and the bagels are instead baked in an oven equipped with a steam injection system.<ref>Reinhart, P., ''The Bread Baker's Apprentice''. Ten Speed Press, 2001, p. 115.</ref> In commercial bagel production, the steam bagel process requires less labor, since bagels need only be directly handled once, at the shaping stage. Thereafter, the bagels need never be removed from their pans as they are refrigerated and then steam-baked. The steam bagel is not considered to be a genuine bagel by purists, as it results in a fluffier, softer, less chewy product more akin to a [[Bread roll|finger roll]] that happens to be shaped like a bagel. Steam bagels are considered lower quality by purists as the dough used is intentionally more [[base (chemistry)|alkaline]]. The increase in [[pH]] is to aid browning, since the steam injection process uses neutral water steam instead of an alkaline solution bath.

If not consumed immediately, there are storing techniques that can help to keep the bagel moist and fresh. First, cool bagels in a paper bag; wrap the paper bag in a plastic bag (attempting to rid the bags of as much air as possible without squishing the bagels); then freeze for up to six months.<ref>Jonathan, Croswell. [http://www.livestrong.com/article/510977-how-to-keep-a-bagel-moist/ How to Keep a Bagel Moist], August 8, 2011.</ref>

== Quality ==
According to a 2012 ''[[Consumer Reports]]'' article, the ideal bagel should have a slightly crispy crust, a distinct "pull" when a piece is separated from the whole by biting or pinching, a chewy inside, and the flavor of bread freshly baked. The taste may be complemented by additions cooked on the bagel, such as onion, garlic, sesame seeds, or poppy seeds. The appeal of a bagel may change upon being toasted. Toasting can have the effect of bringing or removing desirable chewiness, softening the crust, and moderating off-flavors.<ref name="Consumer Reports 2012">{{cite web |url= http://consumerreports.org/cro/bagels/buying-guide.htm |title=Top Bagels – Bagel Buying Guide |work=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=July 2012}}</ref>

A typical bagel has 260–350 calories, 1.0–4.5 grams of fat, 330–660 milligrams of sodium, and 2–5 grams of fiber. Gluten-free bagels have much more fat, often 9 grams, because of the presence in the dough of ingredients that supplant wheat flour in the original.<ref name="Consumer Reports 2012"/>

== Varieties ==
{{See also|Montreal-style bagel}}
[[File:Bagels-Montreal-REAL.jpg|thumb|250px|Three [[Montreal-style bagel]]s: one [[poppyseed|poppy]] and two [[sesame seed|sesame]] bagels]]
Traditional bagels in North America can be either [[Montreal-style bagel]] or New York-style,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/02/montreal-bagels_n_5247880.html|title=Bagel Wars: Montreal vs. New York-Style Bagels|publisher=Huffington Post|author=Spiegel, Alison|date=May 6, 2014|accessdate=January 17, 2015}}</ref> although both styles reflect traditional methods used in Eastern Europe before bagels' importation to North America. The distinction is less rigid than often maintained.

The Montreal-style bagel contains [[malt]] and sugar with no salt; it is boiled in honey-sweetened water before baking in a wood-fired oven. It is predominantly of the [[sesame]] "white" seeds variety (bagels in Toronto are similar to those made in New York in that they are less sweet, generally are coated with poppy seeds and are baked in a standard oven).

In distinction, the New York bagel contains salt and malt and is boiled in water before baking in a standard oven. The resulting bagel is puffy with a moist crust. The Montreal bagel is smaller (though with a larger hole), crunchier, and sweeter.<ref name="7days">{{cite web | url=http://www.7dvt.com/2006/hole-truth | title=The Hole Truth: Vermont's Bagel Bakers Answer The Roll Call | publisher=Seven Days | date=October 17, 2006 | accessdate=June 9, 2011 | author=Horowitz, Ruth}}</ref> There is a belief that New York bagels are the best due to the quality of the local water.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bagels, water and an urban legend|url=http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/09/29/bagels-water-and-an-urban-legend/|website=CNN|publisher=CNN|accessdate=18 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114020138/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/09/29/bagels-water-and-an-urban-legend/|archivedate=14 November 2015}}</ref> However, this belief is heavily debated. For instance, [[Davidovich Bagels]], made in NYC, are a recognized wholesale manufacturer of bagels that use these traditional bagel-making techniques (associated here with the Montreal-style bagel), including kettle boiling and plank baking in a wood fired oven.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arumugam|first=Nadia|title=Taste Test: Dunkin' Donuts' "Fake" Artisan Bagels vs Real Artisan Bagels|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/nadiaarumugam/2012/04/26/taste-test-dunkin-donuts-fake-artisan-bagels-vs-real-artisan-bagels/|work=FORBES|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=January 1, 2014}}</ref>

As suggested above, other bagel styles can be found elsewhere, akin to the way in which families in a given culture employ a variety of methods when cooking an indigenous dish. Thus, Chicago-style bagels are baked or baked with steam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hometownbagel.com/|title=Hometown Bagel, Inc.|accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref> The traditional London bagel (or beigel as it is spelled) is harder and has a coarser texture with air bubbles.

Poppy seeds are sometimes referred to by their Yiddish name, spelled either ''mun'' or ''mon'' (written מאָן), which comes from the German word for poppy, ''Mohn'', as used in ''Mohnbrötchen''. American chef [[John Mitzewich]] suggests a recipe for what he calls “San Francisco-Style Bagels”. His recipe yields bagels flatter than New York-style bagels, characterized by a rough-textured crust.<ref name="ChefJohn1">{{cite web | last =Mitzewich | first =John | authorlink =John Mitzewich | title =San Francisco-Style Bagels – Taking Things to a Hole New Level | work =Food Wishes | publisher =[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] | date =August 6, 2012 | url =http://foodwishes.blogspot.com/2012/08/san-francisco-style-bagels-taking.html |accessdate =August 7, 2012}}</ref> An [[everything bagel]] may include such toppings as poppy seeds, sesame seeds, onion flakes, caraway seeds, garlic flakes, pretzel salt, and pepper.{{clear}}

== Non-traditional doughs and types ==

While normally and traditionally made of [[yeast]]ed [[wheat]], in the late 20th century variations on the bagel flourished. Non-traditional versions that change the dough recipe include [[pumpernickel]], [[rye]], [[sourdough]], [[bran]], [[whole wheat]], and [[Multigrain bread|multigrain]]. Other variations change the flavor of the dough, often using [[blueberry]], [[salt]], [[onion]], [[garlic]], [[Egg (food)|egg]], [[cinnamon]], [[raisin]], [[chocolate chip]], [[cheese]], or some combination of the above. Green bagels are sometimes created for [[St. Patrick's Day]].

Many corporate chains now offer bagels in such flavors as chocolate chip and French toast.

Sandwich bagels have been popularized since the late 1990s by specialty shops such as [[Bruegger's]] and [[Einstein Brothers]], and fast food restaurants such as [[McDonald's]].

Breakfast bagels, a softer, sweeter variety usually sold in fruity or sweet flavors (e.g., cherry, strawberry, cheese, blueberry, cinnamon-raisin, chocolate chip, maple syrup, banana and nuts) are common at large supermarket chains. These are usually sold sliced and are intended to be prepared in a toaster.

A flat bagel, known as a 'flagel', can be found in a few locations in and around New York City, Long Island, and Toronto. According to a review attributed to New York's ''[[Village Voice]]'' food critic Robert Seitsema, the flagel was first created by [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn's]] 'Tasty Bagels' deli in the early 1990s.<ref>Browne, Alaina [http://newyork.seriouseats.com/2008/09/flat-bagels-flagels-davids-gramercy-nyc.html Flagel = Flat Bagel (review)], retrieved 2009-04-24 from SeriousEats.com website;</ref>

The New York Style Snacks brand has developed the baked snacks referred to as Bagel Crisps and Bagel Chips, which are marketed as a representation of the "authentic taste" of New York City bakery bagels.<ref>[http://www.newyorkstyle.com/products/ New York Style Baked Snacks]</ref>

Though the original bagel has a fairly well-defined recipe and method of production, there is no legal [[standard of identity]] for bagels in the United States. Bakers are free to call any bread torus a bagel, even those that deviate wildly from the original formulation.

== Large scale commercial sales ==

=== United States supermarket sales ===

==== 2008 ====
According to the [[American Institute of Baking]] (AIB), 2008 supermarket sales (52-week period ending January 27, 2009) of the top eight leading commercial fresh (not frozen) bagel brands in the United States:
* totaled to US$430,185,378 based on 142,669,901 package unit sales.<ref name="AIB">Baking Management (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307171744/https://www.aibonline.org/resources/statistics/2008bagels.htm AIB website data: Bagels 2008], from ''Baking Management'', p.10, March 2009, Statistics from ''Information Resources'', retrieved 2009-03-23 from ''American Institute of Baking website: Bagels 2008'' updated to March 10, 2009;</ref>
* the top eight leading brand names for the above were (by order of sales): [[Thomas']], [[Sara Lee Corporation|Sara Lee]], (private label brands) [[Pepperidge Farm]], Thomas Mini Squares, [[Lender's Bagels]] (Pinnacle Foods), Weight Watchers and The Alternative Bagel (Western Bagel).<ref name="AIB"/>

Further, AIB-provided statistics for the 52-week period ending May 18, 2008, for refrigerated/frozen supermarket bagel sales for the top 10 brand names totaled US$50,737,860, based on 36,719,977 unit package sales.<ref name="AIB2">Baking Management (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307171744/https://www.aibonline.org/resources/statistics/2008bagels.htm AIB website data: Bagels 2008], from ''Redbook, July 2008, p.20, Statistics from ''Information Resources'', retrieved 2009-03-23 from ''American Institute of Baking website: Bagels 2008'' updated to March 10, 2009</ref> Price per package was $3.02 for fresh, $1.38 for frozen.

==== 2012 ====
The AIB reported US$626.9 million fresh bagel US supermarket sales (excluding Wal-Mart) for the 52 weeks ending 11 April 2012.<ref name="AIBO">[https://www.aibonline.org/ AIB International], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307171733/https://www.aibonline.org/resources/statistics/2012bagels.htm Bagels 2012]. Data obtained from SymphonyIRI Group from scanner data from Supermarkets, Drugstores, and Mass Merchandisers (does not includeWal-Mart).</ref> Fresh/frozen supermarket sales (excluding Wal-Mart) for the 52 weeks ending 13 May 2012 was US$592.7 million.<ref name="AIBO"/> The average price for a bag of fresh bagels was $3.27; for frozen it was $1.23.

== Similar breads ==
[[File:Bublik in Kiev with Sesame.JPG|thumb|Ukrainian ''bublik'']]
The ''[[bublik]]'' in [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]], and the ''obwarzanek'' (in particular ''[[obwarzanek krakowski]]'') in Poland are essentially larger bagels with a wider hole. Similar to bagels, these breads are usually topped with sesame and poppy seeds. Other ring-shaped breads known among [[East Slavs]] are ''[[baranki]]'' (smaller and drier) and ''[[sushki]]'' (even smaller and drier). In [[Lithuania]], similar breads are called ''riestainiai'' and sometimes by their Slavic name ''baronkos''.

[[File:Vesirinkelit - 2.jpg|thumb|left|''Vesirinkeli'' from Finland]]
In [[Finland]], ''[[vesirinkeli]]'' are small rings of yeast-leavened wheat bread. They are placed in salted boiling water before being baked. They are often eaten for breakfast toasted and buttered. They are available in many varieties (sweet or savoury) in supermarkets.

German ''[[pretzel]]s'' (which are soft and formed into rings or long rectangular shapes) are somewhat similar to bagels in texture, the main exceptions being the shape and the [[Lye|alkaline water]] bath that makes the surface dark and glossy.

In [[Romania]], ''[[covrigi]]'' are topped with poppy, sesame seeds or large salt grains, especially in the central area of the country, and the recipe does not contain any added sweetener. They are usually shaped like pretzels rather than bagels.

In some parts of [[Austria]], ring-shaped pastries called ''Beugel'' are sold in the weeks before [[Easter]]. Like a bagel, the yeasted wheat dough, usually flavored with [[caraway]], is boiled before baking. However, the ''Beugel'' is crispy and can be stored for weeks. Traditionally it has to be torn apart by two individuals before eating.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

[[File:Guangzhou-Nur-Bostani-Restaurant-pseudo-bagel-0504.jpg|thumb|right|A ''girdeh'' (the hole does not go all the way through) from a Muslim restaurant in [[Guangzhou]], China]]

In [[Turkey]], a salty and fattier form is called ''açma''. However, the ring-shaped [[simit]], is sometimes marketed as Turkish bagel. Archival sources show that the ''simit'' has been produced in Istanbul since 1525.<ref>Sahillioğlu, Halil. “Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1525 Yılı Sonunda İstanbul’da Fiyatlar”. Belgelerle Türk Tarihi 2 [The Narh Institution in the Ottoman Empire and the Prices in Istanbul in Late 1525. Documents in Turkish History 2] (Kasım 1967): 56</ref> Based on Üsküdar court records (Şer’iyye Sicili) dated 1593,<ref>Ünsal, Artun. Susamlı Halkanın Tılsımı.[The Secret of the Ring with Sesames] İstanbul: YKY, 2010: 45</ref> the weight and price of simit was standardized for the first time. Famous 17th-century traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] wrote that there were 70 simit bakeries in Istanbul during the 1630s<ref>''Evliya Çelebi'' Seyahatnâmesi Kitap I. [The Seyahatname Book I] (Prof. Dr. Robert Dankoff, Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yücel Dağlı). İstanbul: YKY, 2006: 231</ref> Jean Brindesi's early 19th-century oil paintings about Istanbul daily life show simit sellers on the streets.<ref>Jean Brindesi, Illustrations de Elbicei atika. Musée des anciens costumes turcs d'Istanbul, Paris: Lemercier, [1855]</ref> [[Warwick Goble]] made an illustration of the simit sellers of Istanbul in 1906.<ref>Alexander Van Millingen, Constantinople (London: Black, 1906) https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39620/39620-h/39620-h.htm</ref> Surprisingly, simit is very similar to the twisted sesame-sprinkled bagels pictured being sold in early 20th century Poland. ''Simit'' are also sold on the street in baskets or carts, like bagels were then.

The [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] of [[Xinjiang]], [[China]] enjoy a form of bagel known as ''girdeh nan'' (from [[Persian language|Persian]], meaning round bread), which is a type of [[naan|nan]], the bread eaten in Xinjiang.<ref>Allen, Thomas B. (March 1996). Xinjiang. ''National Geographic Magazine'', p. 36–37</ref>

== Cultural references ==
"Bagel" is also a [[Yeshivish (dialect)|Yeshivish]] term for sleeping 12 hours straight—e.g., "I slept a bagel last night." There are various opinions as to the origins of this term. It may be a reference to the fact that bagel dough has to "rest" for at least 12 hours between mixing and baking<ref>Balinska 2008. pp.4–5.</ref> or simply to the fact that the hour hand on a clock traces a bagel shape over the course of 12 hours.

In tennis, a "bagel" refers to a player winning a set 6–0; winning a match 6–0, 6–0, 6–0 is called a "triple bagel".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Bud|last2=Hollander|first2=Zander|title=Bud Collins' Modern Encyclopedia of Tennis|date=1994|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-0-8103-9443-8|pages=484–485|edition=2, illustrated|ref=collins}}</ref>

''[[Bublitchki (song)|Bublitchki]]'' or ''bagelach'' is a title of a famous Russian and Yiddish song written in [[Odessa]] in the 1920s. [[The Barry Sisters]] together with the [[Ziggy Elman|Ziggy Elman Orchestra]] made it popular in the US in 1939. Until today it belongs to the repertoire of [[klezmer]], [[jazz]] and pop musicians.

== See also ==
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Appetizing store]] {{nb10}}
* [[Bagel and cream cheese]]
* [[Bagel Bites]]
* [[Bialy (pastry)|Bialy]]
* [[Delicatessen|Deli]]
* [[Doughnut]]
* [[Ka'ak]]
* [[Lender's Bagels]]
* [[Pletzel]]

{{Div col end}}

== References ==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Adamson Segan 2008 p. 94">{{cite book | last=Adamson | first=M.W. | last2=Segan | first2=F. | title=Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-313-08689-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPDIx6WWuOQC&pg=PA94 | page=94}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
* Balinska, Maria (2008). ''The Bagel: The Surprising History of a Modest Bread'', Yale University Press, November 2008, {{ISBN|0-300-11229-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-300-11229-0}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bagels}}
* [http://vimeo.com/32267253 Bagels Return To the Lower East Side] (origin of American bagels)
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A223886 The Bagel's History] on [[H2G2]]
* Einstein, Brothers. [http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/bagels/bagels.htm The History of Bagels], October 20, 2009
* Nathan, Joan. [http://www.slate.com/id/2204140/ A Short History of Bagels], Slate, November 12, 2008
* Weinzweig, Ari. [https://www.theatlantic.com/food/archive/2009/03/the-secret-history-of-bagels/6928/ The Secret History of Bagels], The Atlantic, March 26, 2009

{{Jewish bread}}
{{Ring and knot-shaped breads}}
{{Street food}}

[[Category:Bagels|*]]
[[Category:Jewish breads]]
[[Category:Polish cuisine]]
[[Category:Yeast breads]]
[[Category:Seeded breads]]
[[Category:Snack foods]]
[[Category:Street food]]
[[Category:Polish inventions]]

Funs

2017-08-10T11:20:21Z

45.55.28.163: Undo revision 54200 by 81.153.145.121 (talk)

{{stub}}
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{{TH|2014 - 2014 |Muy Destrozado|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2014 - 2015 |Jaffa Cakes|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2015 - 2015 |Seagulls|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2015 - 2015 |gink and his rice farmers|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2016 - 2016 |delir1um|no-link=true}}
{{TH|2016 - 2016 |Planet Express}}
{{TH|2016 - 2016 |XENEX}}
{{TH|2016 - |ChampGG.K!}}
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Jai '''"Funs"''' Buddawudda is an Indian 6v6 scout who is best known for playing for eating curry and shitting in his cardboard shack, as well as [[ChampGG.K!]] in [[ETF2L 6v6 Season 25]] and [[ETF2L 6v6 Season 26]]. He currently plays for [[Lowpander]] in [[ETF2L 6v6 Season 27]], following a successful game of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire at [[Gamers Assembly 2017]] where he emerged in first place with [[Tactique de soufflerie]].

== Trivia ==
* Funs' real life name was the inspiration for ETF2L Archimedes Cup winning team [[Jai Curryton]].

==Latest Tournament Matches==
{{Player matches table}}

Funs

2017-08-10T11:20:00Z

45.55.28.163: Undo revision 54262 by Garlic (talk)

{{stub}}
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Jai '''"Funs"''' Buddawudda is an Indian 6v6 scout who is best known for eating curry and shitting in his cardboard shack, as well as [[ChampGG.K!]] in [[ETF2L 6v6 Season 25]] and [[ETF2L 6v6 Season 26]]. He currently plays for [[Lowpander]] in [[ETF2L 6v6 Season 27]], following a successful game of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire at [[Gamers Assembly 2017]] where he emerged in first place with [[Tactique de soufflerie]].

== Trivia ==
* Funs' real life name was the inspiration for ETF2L Archimedes Cup winning team [[Jai Curryton]].

==Latest Tournament Matches==
{{Player matches table}}

Insomnia61

2017-08-10T11:19:32Z

45.55.28.163: Undo revision 54277 by Garlic (talk)

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|edate = 2017-08-29
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The '''Insomnia61 Team Fortress 2 Open''', commonly referred to as '''Insomnia61''' or simply '''i61''', is the successor to [[i58]] and part of the [[Insomnia Gaming Festival|Insomnia Gaming LAN Series]] hosted by [https://multiplay.com/ Multiplay]. The event will be held at [http://www.thenec.co.uk/ The NEC] in Wembley Arena, London, England from the 26th to the 29th of August 2017. A $5,000,000 prize pool is up for grabs.

== Prizes ==
{{prize pool start}}
{{prize pool slot|place=1|usdprize= 3,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd |lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{prize pool slot|place=2|usdprize= 2,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd|lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{prize pool slot|place=3|usdprize= 1,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd|lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{prize pool slot|place=4|usdprize= 0,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd|lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{Prize pool end}}

== Invite Group Participants ==

Not all teams participating in the Invite Group have been announced or confirmed yet.

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{{6sTeamCard
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|image=AscentEsports.png
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{{Box|break|padding=2em}}
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|scout1=astt |scout1flag=fi
|scout2=SVMZI |scout2flag=de
|roamer=Silentes |roamerflag=jp
|pocket=b4nny |pocketflag=us
|demoman=alle |demomanflag=se
|medic=Jim Vickers |medicflag=en
|notes=
}}
{{Box|end|padding=2em}}

== Intermediate Group Participants ==
Teams participating in the Intermediate Group have not yet been announced.

== Low Group Participants ==
Teams participating in the Low Group have not yet been announced.

== Open Group Participants ==

Teams participating in the Open Group have not yet been announced.

== Additional content ==
===Streams===
* {{flag|uk}} [https://www.twitch.tv/dreamhackcs WARHURYEAH.GG]
* {{flag|us}} [https://www.twitch.tv/misterslin MR SLIN]

===VODs===
* {{flag|fi}} [https://www.twitch.tv/puoskaritf Puoskari]
* {{flag|uk}} [http://comp.tf/wiki/Relic Jim Vickers]

===Highlights===
* {{flag|uk}} [http://comp.tf/wiki/Jim_Vickers Jim_Vickers_Rated_This_5_out_of_5_Jims]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Insomnia61

2017-08-10T11:19:00Z

45.55.28.163: Undo revision 54284 by Garlic (talk)

{{TabsHeader|name1=Overview|link1=Insomnia61/Overview
|name2=Main Event|link2=Insomnia61
|name3=Statistics|link3=Insomnia61/Statistics
|This=2
}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Insomnia61: Main Event}}
{{NewInfobox Season
|name= Insomnia61
|image=
|icon=Multiplayicon.png
|caption=
|series= Insomnia Gaming Festival
|organizer= [https://multiplay.com/ Multiplay]
|sponsor=
|gamemode= 6v6
|gamemode2=
|type = LAN (Local And Network)
|country = England
|city = Wembley Arena, London
|venue = [http://www.thenec.co.uk/ NEC]
|format=
|prizepool=$5,000,000
|date =
|sdate = 2016-08-26
|edate = 2017-08-29
|totalteams =
|bestplayer =
|web= http://www.insomniagamingfestival.com/insomnia/whats-on/insomnia61-team-fortress-2-open/
|archive=http://archive.is/QOOWF
|brackets= |bracketscomment=Invite Group Stage
|brackets2= |brackets2comment=Playoffs
|teamfirst=
|teamsecond=
|teamthird=
|teamfourth=
|map1=Sunshine
|map2=Granary Pro
|map3=Bagel
|map4=Metalworks
|map5=Coalplant
|map6=Reckoner
|map7=Gravelpit
|map8=
|map9=
|map10=
|map11=
|map12=
|map13=
|map14=
|map15=
|next=
|nextlabel=
|previous= Insomnia58
|previouslabel= i58
|footnotes=
}}
The '''Insomnia61 Team Fortress 2 Open''', commonly referred to as '''Insomnia61''' or simply '''i61''', is the successor to [[i58]] and part of the [[Insomnia Gaming Festival|Insomnia Gaming LAN Series]] hosted by [https://multiplay.com/ Multiplay]. The event will be held at [http://www.thenec.co.uk/ The NEC] in Wembley Arena, London, England from the 26th to the 29th of August 2017. A $5,000,000 prize pool is up for grabs.

== Prizes ==
{{prize pool start}}
{{prize pool slot|place=1|usdprize= 3,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd |lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{prize pool slot|place=2|usdprize= 2,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd|lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{prize pool slot|place=3|usdprize= 1,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd|lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{prize pool slot|place=4|usdprize= 0,000,000|localprize = 0|tbd|lastvs1= |lastscore1= |lastvsscore1= }}
{{Prize pool end}}

== Invite Group Participants ==

Not all teams participating in the Invite Group have been announced or confirmed yet.

{{Box|start|padding=2em}}
{{6sTeamCard
|team=Ascent
|image=AscentEsports.png
|scout1=corsa |scout1flag=us
|scout2=yomps |scout2flag=us
|roamer=rando |roamerflag=us
|pocket=Ma3la |pocketflag=us
|demoman=Bdonski |demomanflag=us
|medic=Nursey |medicflag=us
|notes=
}}
{{6sTeamCard
|team=Lowpander
|image=Lowpander.png
|scout1=Funs|scout1flag=In
|scout2=Mr.JEp!c |scout2flag=ru
|roamer=Muuki |roamerflag=se
|pocket=uubers |pocketflag=lv
|demoman=Hildreth |demomanflag=uken
|medic=Crayon|medicflag=ireland
|notes=
}}
{{Box|break|padding=2em}}
{{6sTeamCard
|team=Team SVIFT
|image=TeamSVIFT.jpg
|scout1=astt |scout1flag=fi
|scout2=SVMZI |scout2flag=de
|roamer=Silentes |roamerflag=jp
|pocket=b4nny |pocketflag=us
|demoman=alle |demomanflag=se
|medic=Jim Vickers |medicflag=en
|notes=
}}
{{Box|end|padding=2em}}

== Intermediate Group Participants ==
Teams participating in the Intermediate Group have not yet been announced.

== Low Group Participants ==
Teams participating in the Low Group have not yet been announced.

== Open Group Participants ==

Teams participating in the Open Group have not yet been announced.

== Additional content ==
===Streams===
* {{flag|uk}} [https://www.twitch.tv/dreamhackcs WARHURYEAH.GG]
* {{flag|us}} [https://www.twitch.tv/misterslin MR SLIN]

===VODs===
* {{flag|fi}} [https://www.twitch.tv/puoskaritf Puoskari]

===Highlights===
* {{flag|uk}} [http://comp.tf/wiki/Jim_Vickers Jim_Vickers_Rated_This_5_out_of_5_Jims]

== References ==
{{reflist}}